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Sexualisation of young Japanese girls through anime, manga, idol groups

Saturday, 23 May 2020 / Published in Blogs, Japanese culture
Sexualisation of young girls in Japan girl leaning on table

If you’ve watched Japanese anime or read Japanese comic books, you may notice that young, middle or junior high school Japanese girl characters are given adult bodies, with large breasts barely contained by their tight, shape-fitting outfits. If you’ve ever visited a convenience store in Japan, you may see young teenage Japanese girls on magazine covers wearing skimpy clothes. And if you’ve ever seen Japanese porn, you’ll find that some of the porn actresses look and act child-like. 

All of this is in part due to Japanese society’s tolerance of the sexualisation of young girls, and that’s what this blog article will be about. We’ll talk about child pornography in Japan, the depiction of young Japanese girls in anime and manga, idol groups, and more. 

Content

  • Child pornography
  • Japanese girls in anime and manga
  • Children sex dolls
  • Junior idol groups
  • JK Cafes and Compensated Dating
  • Why do some Japanese men prefer younger girls?
  • Belle Sim

Child pornography

Credit: Daily Beast (Sexualisation of young Japanese girls through anime, manga, idol groups)

The production and distribution of real child pornography (i.e. with real children) was outlawed in Japan in 1999. While it also prohibited possession of child pornography with intent to sell or distribute, it did not prohibit the possession of child pornography for one’s personal uses. That was outlawed only in 2014. 

These laws only prohibit child pornography that involve sexual intercourse, masturbation or nudity. The photography or videography of skimpily-dressed Japanese girls wearing barely anything, some as young as six-years-old, is still legal, as long as they aren’t performing sexual acts.

For fears of violating freedom of expression laws, laws regulating child pornography do not extend to fictional child pornography, which we’ll talk about in the next section. 

Japanese girls in anime and manga

The best way and tips to learn Japanese language japanese anime and manga stand
Credit: Zerochan (Sexualisation of young Japanese girls through anime, manga, idol groups)

There is an estimation that 30-40% of anime and manga have sexual themes and that a lot of it includes underage characters, whether it’s something subtle like having a gust of wind blow up a character’s skirt to reveal her panties, or something overt where the character engages in sexual acts. This sort of anime and manga has its own genre known as ‘lolicon’, shortened from “Lolita complex”, and it refers to an attraction to young girls. It’s named after the novel Lolita where a middle-aged man is attracted to his teenage step-daughter. It’s used in the place of the more controversial and negative word ‘pedophilia’, making the genre easier to swallow. 

As mentioned above, child pornography laws do not apply to fictional child pornography, and anime or manga that show young children having sex is still entirely legal and very accessible online in some stores. Some have argued that applying child pornography laws to anime or manga would violate freedom of expression laws, and that even a seemingly innocent non-sexual scene of a female character taking a shower would be at risk of being banned. 

There are two sides to the issue of fictional child pornography. One argues that fictional child pornography normalises, encourages or even cultivates sexual attraction to young girls, and this could create a society that is numb to child sexual abuse. The other side argues that fictional child pornography will help to satisfy a person’s attraction to young girls and thus is helpful in keeping such individuals from acting on their sexual urges with actual children. What do you think? Let us know in the comments! 

Children sex dolls

Credit: Red Wire (Sexualisation of young Japanese girls through anime, manga, idol groups)

There is a Japanese company selling sex dolls that look like children as young as five-years old. Like their adult counterparts, these children sex dolls look life-like, have smooth and soft silicon skin, and even feel warm. They are meant to be as close to the real thing as possible. 

The founder of this company proclaimed himself as a pedophile and argued that his dolls help to keep similar individuals’ urges out of society and in their personal homes. In an article by Independent, he is quoted as saying, “We should accept that there is no way to change someone’s fetishes. I am helping people express their desires, legally and ethically.”

Pedophilia is listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) as a psychiatric disorder and not a learned preference. Like other psychiatric disorders, treatment in the form of cognitive therapy or medication is available. Unfortunately, studies have shown that treatment for pedophilia is either ineffective or not effective enough. 

Junior idol groups

Credit: Yune Sakurai turned 11 on May 9th, 2019 (Sexualisation of young Japanese girls through anime, manga, idol groups)

Japanese idols and idol groups are unlike other musicians or bands; their attractiveness and public personalities are advertised more than their music. You may know some of these groups: AKB48, Morning Musume, SMAP. While they’re primarily in the music industry, they are trained in other fields such as acting or modeling. 

A subcategory of idol groups are junior idol groups. Unlike the aforementioned bands, junior idol group members are in their teens, usually between the ages of 14 and 16, but some are even younger. They perform and do the same activities as their older counterparts: sing and dance, hold fan meets, and release merchandise. What warrants their inclusion in this blog article are the costumes they dress up in, their photoshoots and their fanbase. 

This sold-out magazine reads “Your favourite Jr. Idols before they bloom into adults.”

Junior idols often dress in “cutesy” outfits such as maid costumes, school uniforms or just short dresses and skirts. In these outfits, they perform on stage for a primarily male audience. While it remains relatively innocent if audience members are around the junior idols’ ages, audiences usually include a number of middle-aged men as well, some who pay a fee to speak personally with the performers after the show. 

Then there are the photoshoots. 14-16 year old junior idols, some even younger, are photographed in provocative outfits or swimsuits, in playful poses. These photobooks are then sold to their fans, some of whom are ten to thirty years older than them. 

JK Cafes and Compensated Dating

Credit: B! (Sexualisation of young Japanese girls through anime, manga, idol groups)

If you walk around Akihabara, you might stumble upon a street where high school girls are standing around in their uniforms, handing out flyers to passers-by. Perhaps it’s a part-time job where they have to help advertise a store? Or maybe they’re student activists advocating for human rights. If you’re this far into the blog article, you know where this is headed. 

Those girls are actually advertising themselves and the JK cafes they work for. JK stands for joshi kōsei, high school girl, and JK cafes are places where men can pay to sit and talk with them. In a comprehensive documentary by VICE titled “School Girls for Sale”, we learn that some JK cafes charge USD$30 for 30 minutes of conversation with a high school girl. Some of these customers are decades older than the high school girls. 

VICE News Host Simon Ostrovsky interviews a JK Cafe employee in School Girls for Sale.

Besides conversation, customers can pay an additional fee to take these girls on a walk around the area. Whatever happens during this time when they’re alone, maybe in a dark alleyway or even a hotel, is anyone’s guess. 

In 2017, a new ordinance in the capital of Tokyo required JK businesses to be registered with law enforcement, and prohibited the employment of girls under the age of 18 in JK cafes. Some JK cafes keep their businesses running legally by rebranding themselves as “conversation cafes” or “cosplay cafes”, and the high school girls pose as part-time servers. Other JK cafes work with the new restrictions and hire girls of legal age but still have them dressed as high school students, thus still perpetuating lolicon. 

Some high school girls may choose to work independently as opposed to working for a JK business. They receive financial support from older men in exchange for romantic or sexual favours in an arrangement known as compensated dating. This brings to mind relationships with sugar mummies or daddies, but unlike in other countries, compensated dating usually involves an underage girl. 

Sexualisation of young girls in Japan
Credit: Japan Inside

It’s important to remember that there should be no shame in any woman or man’s decision to work in pornography, prostitution or other similar fields. The issue here is underage girls making those calls. We have laws that restrict the decision-making of underage people when it comes to drinking, driving, gambling or being a sex worker. Society has decided that there are certain things that people of a certain age cannot decide to do, and I argue that working in JK businesses or in compensated dating should be one of those things. 

Why do some Japanese men prefer younger girls?

SoraNews 24

In Japan, women are expected to be traditionally feminine and kawaī, to some extent. While the word ‘kawaī’ is often translated as ‘cute’ or ‘adorable’, it means more than that, maybe not linguistically but certainly socially. Being kawaī is also about being innocent, naive, subservient, and needing someone to depend on.

With feminism growing more outspoken (albeit slowly in Japan), more women are educated and employed and thus do not fit the bill. In Japan, no one encompasses all these values more than young girls.

Of course, not every Japanese man wants a kawaī girl but there are undoubtedly a number of men who do (hence the supply), especially in the older population that is more accustomed to traditional gender roles. While this happens in other countries too, what sets Japan apart is how openly prevalent it is and how these urges are tolerated and even fed with a wide range of options that are easily accessible and technically legal. 


While a romantic or sexual preference for children is undoubtedly an issue, the bigger issue in Japan is how mainstream its products are. As mentioned thus far, 30-40% of accessible anime and manga include fictional child pornography, idol groups are widely advertised across Japan, and JK businesses and compensated dating have yet to face strict crackdowns (the new ordinance regulating JK businesses in Tokyo resulted in the closures of just three JK cafes). 

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Such material and/or businesses should not be as widely and publicly commercialised or accessible as it is today in Japan. Only then can we reduce this issue’s normalcy in Japan and Japanese society’s tolerance of it.

Belle Sim

Content Creator and Editor

Belle moved to Tokyo, Japan in 2016. She has studied various aspects of Japan including history, literature, gender, culture, media, politics, and more. Find her on Instagram @coinlockerbelle.

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    8 Comments to “ Sexualisation of young Japanese girls through anime, manga, idol groups”

    1. Anthony says :Reply
      November 22, 2020 at 5:23 am

      There’s one thing I wanted to point out. The statement that “30-40% of anime and manga depict underage characters in sexual ways” is slightly inaccurate from reading the source. The source cited states that “30-40% of manga contains sexual themes or content, much of it representing schoolgirls of elementary or junior high school age”. In other words, not all of this 30-40% figure represents schoolgirl characters. In other words, saying all of it is underage sexual content may be overestimating the actual proportion.

      1. Belle says :Reply
        November 30, 2020 at 7:01 am

        Hi Anthony, thanks for your comment and for pointing out my mistake, I must have misread the source. The article will be edited to accurately reflect the source’s statistics. Cheers!

    2. Rebeca says :Reply
      December 1, 2020 at 7:24 pm

      Hi, thank you for this article. Shocking but very informative. Besides the obvious sexualization of very young girls in the animes and mangas I’ve watched or read, it also strikes me that the male characters are usually very young and yet bearing a lot of responsibility, many times sacrifycing themselves to achieve something or to save something. I wonder if you have comments on the cultural background of this? When I discovered the age of the characters… I was appalled.

    3. Inuyasha says :Reply
      December 20, 2020 at 8:25 am

      This article is especially interesting because it shows that we westerners still consider ourselves as the elected people at the center of the world. Everything shown here is judged according to our Judeo-Christian culture by ignoring the fact that Asian civilizations have a culture and a sense of moral and acceptable totally different from our own, because of much more permissive religions that do not consider Man as dirty or sinful. There are far fewer taboos and shame of body and sexuality in Asia than in the West, and sex there is quite commonplace. Much more than in our western world.
      So don’t be shocked, it’s just not our culture. Remember that our taboos and sexual blockages are just as shocking to Asians.

      1. Stfupnuyasha says :Reply
        January 13, 2021 at 4:14 pm

        You are mostly wrong. There’s nothing in the Bible about the sexualization of children. As such, our culture of not sexualizing minors has nothing to do with Judeo-Christianism. Not to mention that this topic’s current discussion (AKA. what SHOULD be done about it, not how the situation came to be) has nothing to do with religion. In 2020 (2021 now), a country’s religion should have nothing to do with how it deals with the sexualization of minors and underage sex workers. Thanks to science we know about the way human brains develop (for the most part) and as such, we know that it’s objectively wrong to take advantage of minors for sexual purposes. So, no matter how this situation came to be, what one’s religion dictates or doesn’t dictate about cases like this, in this current age it’s objectively wrong to accept the things described in this article. And small note, Asians are usually surprised about sexual openness in the Western world (especially our porn), not the other way around. While we are much less accepting of children’s sexualisation, people in the west discuss sex and sexuality much more openly than those in Japan, China or Korea. Actually discussing and talking about sex openly is incredibly rare in Asian culture. But good job on getting almost everything wrong.

      2. GREM says :Reply
        January 18, 2021 at 4:51 am

        Sounds like you’re condoning pedophilia… children have no idea what they are doing. They should be outside playing in the dirt, not getting sexualized and made to think that they’re only worth anything when they are young and “kawai” to some old perverted dude.

    4. Nope says :Reply
      December 25, 2020 at 11:49 am

      Sexualizing children should not be part of any culture. Ever.
      That is a red flag that that culture is sick. Diseased.

      1. GREM says :Reply
        January 18, 2021 at 4:52 am

        AGREEEEEED!!!! It’s disgusting.

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